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Well, there is confusion here because two different systems seem to have been combined. On remote electric models, the solenoid output of the key switch is routed through a neutral safety switch inside the control box. In this case, the neutral safety switch carries positive voltage.
On the tiller electric models, the neutral safety switch is located on the shift linkage and is grounded when the shift lever is in neutral. So, in this case, the neutral safety switch connects the small negative terminal of the solenoid to ground.
So, according to what you have described, you have two positive inputs to the solenoid winding with no ground. So, you need to disconnect the neutral safety switch lead from the hot side of the solenoid and connect it to ground.
Needless to say, this engine has some home made wiring, so I don’t know exactly how it is wired, only what you describe. Be careful, I am thinking the starter solenoid circuit is not fused, so a fire hazard exists if the wiring is messed up.
CORRECTION: Just looked at the last picture you posted. That little harness with the white/red leads does two separate things. The little red lead connects to the alternator output and should be connected to the hot side of the solenoid.
The little white lead is connected to the neutral safety switch, which is grounded when the shift lever is in neutral. This little white neutral safety switch lead should be connected to the other small terminal on the solenoid.
Again, that little harness has two separate leads that to two separate jobs.